The Views Between Communism And Capitalism Essay - 1417 Words

The views between Communism and Capitalism may sound very extreme when placed in an argument for an ideal society, but the core attribute for both comes down to quality of life. We can assume this is an argument between which is better for society, the Kitchen Debates explains the interaction between the United States’ Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Union’s Premier Nikita Khrushchev, as they showcase what each country has to offer. Through these exhibits, we get an understanding as to why their own views are considered superior, as they reflect on their own. By analyzing each party’s statements, we are able to figure out why they believe what they do, and how their perspective on consumerism can be similar and different at the same time. In the book â€Å"The Kitchen Debate and Cold war Consumer Politics,† by Shane Hamilton and Sarah Phillips, the debate was described as a â€Å"Verbal sparring between Nixon and Khrushchev† (Hamilton Phill ips, 35). Before we can go into depth about the debate, we will go over what the Cold war was, then draw example from the book on how each countries views consumerism and what the debate conceived for the society for both countries. The Cold War is a term used to describe the friction between two world super powers during 1945 to 1989, the Soviet Union and the United States. Due to the differences in upbringing, each countries hold varying goals and ideologies that reflects how they plan to grow. The Soviet Union had imperial aspirations,Show MoreRelatedCommunism : A Economic System921 Words   |  4 PagesThe Communism is Karl Marx’s ideal economic system, which promotes a central plan economy. A central plan economic is when the government places quotas on companies that manufacturers goods. After the end of World War II the spread of Communism began to raise in the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union is the makeup of different European, African, and Asian countries. Communism seem to be a utopia to the poor and working classes of these countries, because of the dismantled the bourgeois and proletarianRead MoreThe Effects Of Capitalism853 Words   |  4 Pagesthe late 1700s-early 1900s utopian idea and ind ustrialization changed social life and influenced government. This was by the cause of three main topics Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism. It influenced the government each time within the end results not as how they predicted. Adam Smith is a Scottish economist laid the foundation of capitalism. Also, the evolution from Utilitarianism to socialism. Lastly, about the Karl Marx idea of the best and a fixed mind set on things. Utopian idea andRead More Karl Marx Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pages Most people think of communism as a bad thing. Karl Marx would disagree. He formed the basic ideas of communism in his writings. He argued that communism was the eventual government that formed out of many unsuccessful governments. Many modern communists either use his ideas or use parts of his ideas to form their own. Karl Marx is the true father of communism. Marx was born in Trier, Prussia on May 5, 1818 (Beales). His family was Jewish, but his father converted the family to ProtestantismRead MoreModern American s View On Vladimir Lenin s Economic Policies1125 Words   |  5 Pages Modern American s View on Vladimir Lenin s Economic Policies Founding the Russian Communist Party and leading the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, Vladimir Lenin was one of the most essential and controversial figures in the 20th century. Deeply believing in Marxism, Lenin devoted his Initiated for the undertaking of communism in Russia. However, although undoubtedly a great leader who made a significant contribution in politics and philosophy to the world, Lenin made considerable bad judgmentsRead MoreThe Main Factors Of The Communist Manifesto1680 Words   |  7 PagesEver since the age of imperialism, globalization has served to spread capitalism and its effects across the world. This globalization did not occur as predicted by Marx, with â€Å"capitalism spreading across the world† and uniting the proletariat of every nation against the bourgeoisie (Munck 51). Instead, as discussed earlier, globalization took a different route, forcing an interconnectedness between every nation, and ultimately between their economies and politics. Th is interconnectedness, led by theRead MoreCapitalism Is An Unnatural Perversion Of Society In Marx1547 Words   |  7 PagesCapitalism is an unnatural perversion of society in Marx and Engel’s The Communist Manifesto. It is constantly consumptive, unable to exist without further expansion. It warps society through its exploitation of labor and the class that provides it. The Communist Manifesto goes beyond just a sociopolitical critique of capitalism, and adds otherworldly, almost Gothic elements. Repeated supernatural, fantastical language reinforces the idea that capitalism is an illegitimate twist of the naturalRead MoreMarx and the Communist Manifesto927 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A specter is haunting Europe -the specter of Communism,† Karl Marx proclaims. This phantom maybe the resolution to rid a country of greed and exploitation. Karl Marx in the collaboration with Frederich Engels elucidates his concern of capitalism and his yearn for a communistic socie ty in the book, The Communist Manifesto. In this book he explains his idea of true communism. True communism is a social order in which all citizens are equal. In communism equality means that society is classless, moneylessRead MoreWealth By Andrew Carnegie And The Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pagesrich (bourgeoisie). They bring up the pros and cons about inequality, capitalism, and communism. Inequality was in Carnegie s view. In his opinion progress required the processes of competition. Making capitalism an engine of progress. Carnegie believed that there is good to inequality while Marx begs to differ. Marx had his own view on capitalism, he believed that it would eventually result disastrous. Marx believed communism was the best solution to keep both the proletarians and bourgeoisie inRead MoreMarxism And Communism753 Words   |  4 PagesIn the western world, people view communism as a conquered historical ideology, but communism continues to i nfluence the world today. China, the fourth largest country on the earth, displays the label of communism today. Communism is a ‘classless’ ideology in which all property is owned by a large community and each person receives according to their needs and abilities. Communism is a set of ideas including several different variations and schemes on the philosophy. However, the most accepted andRead MoreCommunism Vs. Capitalism : Rough Draft793 Words   |  4 PagesRoffel October 10th, 2014 Communism vs. Capitalism Comparison Rough Draft Throughout the history of the United States, capitalism has always been a staple in American society. Would the country we live in today be an enhanced, more equal place to live if it were a communist one? Communism, by definition, is more or less an economic system of society in which the major resources and means of production are owned by the community and are not monopolized. Whereas in capitalism, private businesses and

The Competition Into The Dynamics Of Political Affiliation...

For the two final replications, BIRG is studied beyond competition between teams in a sporting context. The first study to be discussed carries competition into the dynamics of political affiliation during national elections (Boen et al., 2002), and the last study going further by considering peer relationships and affiliative identity (J. K. Dijkstra et al., 2010). Political affiliations. Boen et al. (2002) followed Cialdini et al.’s (1976) first method to observe BIRG: establishing affiliation using emblems and representative symbols. In the study (conducted during election period), the researchers counted the number of households that displayed posters or removable lawn signs that convey support for a political party; these field observations were conducted two days prior to and one day after the election date. The number of positions won in Belgium’s government was based on the total number of votes that each party has received; as a consequence, party supporters reacted differently based on the relative win-loss percentages for each party. Citizens who associated themselves with parties that eventually suffered great losses in the elections immediately removed any election materials that announced their connection with the party. Conversely, those associated with parties that won significantly retained the display of their materials for longer durations. In some cases, previously unmarked households (i.e. did not announce their affiliation) began to display postersShow MoreRelatedGubernatorial And Presidential Races1423 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent at the state level verses the federal level? I am particularly looking at the differences between Gubernatorial and Presidential races in the time frame of 1980 to 2016. 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In 1954, he founded TANU (Tanganyika African National Union) and was subsequently elected member of Parliament during Tanganyika’s first election in 1959, he became the first chief minister of the country 1 year later and was sworn in as prime minister of Tanganyika in May 1961. During the first presidential election in 1962, Nyerere won the elections and become the first African president. He continued to be re-elected as president until mid 1980sRead MoreCorporate Political Strategies and Employment at Will Essay examples5822 Words   |  24 PagesCorporate Political Strategies June 24, 2011 Abstract Whether or not corporations should have political strategies is debatable by many strategists, corporations, and political interest groups. There are advantages and disadvantages to this issue, so to decide one has to weigh the advantages against the dis-advantages. In my opinion, corporations should consider political strategies as an essential part of their business tools. 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Key words: cross-cultural human resources management capability 1 Introduction Now the world is experiencing the unprecedented political reorganization and the international economy order which changes day by day. This indicates that a new era of international economy will arrive. Some material shows that speaking of America, its export amount is estimated to increase more than 70%

Joshua Redman Essay Example For Students

Joshua Redman Essay The album â€Å"freedom in the Groove† features Joshua Redman with a small ensemble of Bass, electric guitar, and drums. In different songs Redman plays the alto, soprano and tenor saxophone. The CD shows many different aspects of Jazz, spanning many different feels, tempos and intonation.I was really impressed with the diversity of the album. The typical song on features Redman soloing over the standard rhythm section of the bass, piano and drum set. Occasionally Redman will trade solos with the piano or the guitar, but obviously the album mainly features the saxophone. Despite this, Redman and his small ensemble show an incredible amount of diversity. The CD starts out with what I would consider to be your typical Jazz tune, â€Å"Hide and Seek.† An alto saxophone soloing over the rhythm section, with the piano throwing in a little counter melody or even sharing the spot light with a solo or two. However, as soon as the second song begins I realized that there is a lot more to Joshua Redman than the â€Å"typical† jazz song. â€Å"One shining Soul† gives out a much more laid back feel to it. The Saxophone and guitar share the melody for much of the song giving me flash backs to the dentist office or an elevator. The group then picks up the pace with â€Å"Streams Of Consciousness† which features a much more up beat feel, making me want to tap my foot. Redman again takes the solo with an extremely fast pace, using the full range of the tenor sax. The thing I enjoyed most about this tune was the electric guitar solo toward the end. The laid back sound gives a big contrast to the up beat feel of the song. The remainder of the CD seems to have the feel of one of the first three songs, adding a little variety with some blues sound, a little call and response, and some stop time rhythm. However, I was really captivated by the sixth song on the CD entitled â€Å"Invocation. † The song begins with a tenor sax solo, which makes me picture an old mystery movie. The added reverb on the sax gives the idea that he is playing in an open hall. The entire song is very free form. There is very seldom a noticeable rhythm; definitely not something the normal person would tap their foot to. The percussion consists of seemingly random entrances on a high-hat or a tom drum that fade in and out giving you no real sense of a rhythm. The solos are also very free, seeming to leave a lot of room for Redman or the pianist to really express themselves. The song proceeds like this for a few minutes and seems to climax in a mess of chaos. Random percussion entrances, short runs on the saxophone, clashing notes on the piano and guitar. You can just feel the tension in the part. The intensity is amazing, especially with all that is happening. Just when I was thinking the tune couldn’t get anymore unorthodox, an incredible beat seems to come out of the mess of noise. Like the fog had just lift and the sun shone through. As the song begins to come to a close it very slowly fades out to the sound of a lone bass. As I listen I picture a musician practicing alone on stage. I really enjoyed the solo; the harshness of the musician on the strings really adds something. I can’t really describe why this song was so captivating. It must have been the different sound that really grabbed me. Like the dissonance that makes someone cringe, but adds so much to the song. For other than â€Å"Invocation,† I was relatively unimpressed with the CD. Not that the playing wasn’t excellent, just that it lacked something that grabbed my attention. .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284 , .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284 .postImageUrl , .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284 , .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284:hover , .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284:visited , .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284:active { border:0!important; } .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284:active , .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284 .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud670bf58c316fc342d6e88be72b86284:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: moralhf Laws vs. Morals in Mark Twain's The Advent Essay It didn’t have what it takes to make these songs stand out above any other jazz musicianBibliography:

The purpose of the experiment is to test the effect of increased temperature on the permeability of beetroot cell membran Essay Example

The purpose of the experiment is to test the effect of increased temperature on the permeability of beetroot cell membran Essay Background information- The cell membrane surrounds all living things and is partially permeable so as to serve as a boundary between cell and environment and control substances that are allowed in and out of the cell. Cell membranes are made up of phospholipids, carbohydrates and proteins.The phospholipids are arranged in a way that their polar hydrophilic (water attracting) phosphate heads face outwards and their non-polar (hydrophobic) fatty acid tails face inwards. The phospholipids are arranged in a bi-layer. The hydrophobic layers act as a barrier to some molecules.There are also other molecules which are indented into the phospholipids such as Proteins. Proteins are tertiary structures made up of coiled and folded strings of amino acids which are very strong and held in place by peptide bonds. Proteins are responsible for most of the cells properties and some proteins are involved in transporting substances across the membrane while others are involved in maintaining the cells shape. However at very high temperatures the binds holding the . break and thus the proteins lose their structure and stability. This increases the pigmentation released.In the cells of a beetroot plant, a substance called betalins is found in the membrane vacuoles, which gives beetroot its red colour. Normally the pigments cannot pass through the membranes but at higher temperatures the cell becomes damaged and the betalins will bleed from the cells. I am going to investigate the pigment lost at different temperatures.Hypothesis- an increase in temperature will lead to more damage to the cell membranes, which will increase their permeability, and therefore allow more of the pigment to be released.Expected result- the following temperatures will be used to measure the absorbency, 0C, 10C, 20C, 30C, 40C, 50C, 60C, 70C. as using any higher or lower may take up to much time in getting to the required temperature. expect the graph for the results to look as follows::increasing the temp erature will cause the partially permeable membrane of the Beetroot to become damaged and so it will be less rigid. Also I predict that after 40C the proteins in the cell membrane will start to denature as they will reach the optimum temperature. This will increase the permeability allowing more colour to be released. I predict that when I test a small amount of the water which contained the beetroot in the colorimeter, the higher the temperature of the water the higher the reading will be on the colorimeter as less light will pass through.Apparatus- The following apparatus will be needed in the investigation;Raw beetroot Preferably the same type and size of beetroot will be needed to make the investigation fair and more reliableSize 4 cork borer to obtain the beetroot pieces as it will enable me to have pieces and radius of the same size and ensure that the dependant variables are kept the same.White tile cut down on to this with the knife so that I do not damage the desk or risk h urting my handKnife to measure cut the beetroot into 1cm length slices.Ruler to measure and the beetroot into 1cm length slices.Water baths I will also need a bunsen burner to heat the water. I feel a bunsen burner is a better option to use than a kettle as I can get it to the required temperature more easily and also because the kettle would have more impurities, whereas I can wash the beaker before hand.Plastic beaker. A beaker will then be needed to place the water when it is being heated. I will use a 250ml beaker as I can get all the water in instead of having to add more each time.2 boiling tube racks2 test tube racks which I can place the tubes in.Crushed ice I will need ice for temperatures below the room temperature.Boiling tubes I will then need to get 8 test tubes and instead of small beaker as I can place the tubes in a rack so there are more stable and also so that less space is taken up in the desk as the beaker is widerThermometer I will also have to use a 0-90 thermo meter to take readings of the temperature. I will use a 0-90 C thermometer as the temperatures I need are below this and so there is no point using a larger one. Also it will be easier to read with a smaller scale. Ice will also be needed to get the temperatures lower than room temperatureColorimeter Colorimeters are very useful tools for obtaining quantitative data by following reactions that involve a change in colour or opacity. They take the guesswork out of matching colours or end points in experiments. Attaching the colorimeter to a datalogger allows you to see the progress of the reaction, and to create a permanent record of the whole experiment. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Datalogging is an extension of normal scientific enquiry techniques.1 Datalogging improves the validity of the data2 Datalogging removes the need for long periods of repetitive data-recording Transmission is not a linear scale, and is normally used when you are:à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½following a trend in the reactionà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½foll owing a reaction where the concentrations of the products creating the colourchange are unknown.As the transmission scale is not linear, it is not directly related to the concentration of thechemicals in a solution that create a colour change.Absorbance is a linear scale. It can be used when you are:à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½calibrating the colour change to a known concentration value, for example finding theconcentration of sugar in a sample.Cuvettes I will use a curvette to put the solutions in; I will place 2cm in each curvette using a 2cm pipette so that each has the same volume and so it is far more reliable to compare the results. When using the colour meter I will measure the absorbency of the distilled water and then compare this to the different beetroot concentrations. I will then need to measure the solutions against a colorimeter I will use a colorimeter rather than a chart as the sensor is sensitive to light and is in the same position all the time which will give far more accurate m easurements of absorbency than interpreting using a scale. Cuvettes are designed to be optically identical to each other. Many have a small mark on them so you can make sure the same faces are always lined up with the light source and sensor. If there is no markalready present, you can add a small mark at the very top of the cuvette, where it doesnot interfere with the passage of light through the test solution.Stopclock A stopwatch will also be required to measure the time for each experiment, so that I get a fair and more precise time for each, instead of relying on a watch or clock.Distilled water I will use distilled Water, as this will ensure a more accurate result as normal tap water has chemicals added which can affect the experiment.Pipette For transferring the water in to a measuring cylinder a 5cm pipette will be used as the beaker could be very hot to hold and transfer the water. Also I can get more accurate measurements with the pipette. I will transfer the water into a 50ml measuring cylinder as I may not get exactly 5cm each time in the pipette and so measuring it before would be more accurate.Small measuring cylindersforceps whilst transferring the beetroot in to the water so the beetroot does not come into contact with the skin and so that I do not involuntarily affect the permeability of the cell membrane.500ml beaker so that the beaker with the distilled water can be placed in this.tripod and a gauge to place the beaker on whilst it is getting heated, so direct heat does not come in contact with the glass, as it could get very hot.heatproof mat will need to be placed under all this to keep the Bunsen burner on something safe and also so that it remains stable and there is less risk of it falling over.goggles and a laboratory coat at all times to ensure safety and reduce the risk of any accidents. Also to reduce staining as the beetroot juiceMethod- start by wearing a laboratory coat and goggles at all times to ensure safety to the eye body. t hen wash my hands so that if they have any substances they do not affect my experiment by coming into contact with the beetroot or water. then obtain all the equipment needed for the investigation so that the procedure is orderly and I do not have to look for things in between the experiment.using a cork borer and pushing down onto a white tile cut out 8 cylindrical discs of beetroot. Next I will measure 1cm length of beetroots and cut out 8 pieces using the knife and cutting down onto a white tile. I will then get 8 test tubes for all the different temperatures and wash and dry the tubes so that no substance remains as this could affect the results. Then I will place the tubes in a test tube rack so they are on a flat surface and so it is easy to transfer the right amount of liquid. Using a size 4 cork borer and a knife, ruler and white tile to aide me I will cut 8 identical pieces of beetroot which are 1cm in length. I will use the same diameter corer and cut all the beetroots to the same length so that the surface area of each beetroot is similar and that the dependant variable is kept the same. I will then using tongs to place the beetroot pieces in a beaker of distilled water and leave overnight so that excess dye is washed away. Because the beetroot has been cut part of the cell membranes will be broken and therefore the excess dyewill leak out. By leaving them overnight it will ensure that the results are reliable.I will get the normal distilled water which will be at room temperature at about 34C and place it in a beaker. I will then add ice to a larger beaker and place the water beaker in this. I will work by starting with the 30C and then working down to 0C, adding more ice if needed. I have decided to carry out the investigation this way so that I can get the required temperature the most quickly (from room temp) so I do not have to wait too long. For the temperatures above room temperature i.e. 40-70C I will start with 70C degrees and work my way d own. This is so that after I have heated the water, I will not have to heat it again as it will cool so I will have the required temperature. This way I can make full use of the time.I will then get the 5cm pipette and use it to transfer water into a measuring cylinder. I will measure 20cm of water I have decide to use 20cm because I feel that it is enough to cover the beetroot and a suitable volume to measure for just 20 minutes.Next I will get forceps to transfer the beetroot into the test tube and start timing as soon as it is dropped in. I will time for 20 minutes to allow time to carry out each experiment in the time available and also that I carry the experiment out for a reliable amount of time. I feel that any time less than 20 minutes would not be sufficient. I will then stop the experiment after 20 minutes and use a 2cm pipette and place the solution in to a curvette to measure the absorbency. I will first measure the absorbency of distilled water by placing it into the sl ot. Test the logger before use with a simple sensor (e.g. temperature) that does notrequire any special set-up procedure. This can confirm that the equipment is working,and helps you check that you understand how to use the equipment before you collect your real data.I expect the reading to be 0. Then I will press r on the colorimeter and place the solution in to compare it. I will repeat this experimental procedure for all the temerparures below room temperature adding more ice when required.For temperatures above the room temperature i.e. 40C, 50C, 60C, 70C I will need to heat the distilled water. I will heat the water above 70C work my way down the measurements. I have decided to this as I can the next temperature as it is cooling from the previous one instead of re-heating. Thus I will place the beaker on the tripod, making sure that there is gauze below it and a heatproof mat under all this. When lighting the bunsen burner with a matchstick I will make sure that the hole is on so that the flame is visible, thus reduce the risk of an accident. I will use a thermometer to measure the temperature and once the solution is heated I will once again use a pipette to transfer the water in to a measuring cylinder. I will start transferring the water slightly above the required temperature so that by the time I have transferred it all, it will have fell to the required temperature. After measuring 20cmand checking that the water has fallen to the required temperature I will transfer it into the test tube. I will again use forceps to drop the beetroot into water and start timing as soon as the beetroot is in. I will measure the absorbency as before. I will then reduce the heat of the burner and measure each of the remaining temperatures following the same method. I will then wash my hands at the end of the experiment just to make sure that if any particles got to my hand they are removed.I am going to use a 10C space for the temperature as I think that using five wo uld be too small to distinguish trends, and more than that would also prove to be difficult.Before I test the samples of water I will first test the distilled water and use it as a control to see the difference in water colour. Using a pipette I will transfer 2cm of water from the tubes into the cuvettes. I will set the colorimeter to 0% which will give a blue/green colour. I will then take a reading of the colour absorbency in the order that I started. I will keep the colorimeter on 0% absorbance and repeat for the rest of the temperatures.I will draw up a graph of the results so that I can clearly distinguish the trends and that accurate conclusions can be made.Plotting a calibration curveTo relate readings of absorbance to actual concentrations, you need to make acalibration curve. Make up a series of solutions of known concentration, and takereadings of the absorbance values of these solutions. Plot absorbance values against the concentrations of these standard solutions. You ca n then use this calibration curve to convert absorbance values from your experiment to concentrations. If you are doing a rate experiment, then the absorbance is directly related to concentration, so a graph showing the change in absorbance over time is a genuine rate graph.Fair testing- To ensure that the test is fair so reliable and accurate results are obtained I will make sure the following is done:I have considered how to keep factors that affect the rate of movement across membrane constant and only change the independent variable. The independent variable in my investigation will be the temperature, as this will be constantly getting higher each time. Thus the dependant variable will be the pigmentation released. All the other variables will be kept constant as otherwise it could affect the results. For example the type of the beetroot should be the same; if not then this could affect what temperatures the membrane denatures because of the different prior environments of the beetroot.I will make sure that I wipe the test tubes after rinsing them so any excess water is removed.I must also ensure that the same volume of water is placed in each of the tubes as a higher volume in one tube could affect the diffusion. Thus I will measure the required volume after heating the water. This is because if I measured it first then a lot would evaporate with the heat and the investigation would not be fair.I will try to move the test tubes as least as possible in between the experiments so I do not speed up any reaction involuntary. Furthermore I will work on a flat surface, so as to make sure there is the right amount of volume and when transferring the water from the pipette to the test tube, I will try not to spill any.I will use the same beetroot for the whole experiment as using a different beetroot may affect the results. This is because a particular beetroot may contain more betalins which could result in a faster rate at which the dye is released. This would not make the experiment a fair test.ame sized cork borer (number 4) to ensure that all the beetroot pieces are the same width in diameter. A larger surface area will cause faster diffusion as more of the membrane will be exposed. (Ficks law)volume of water in each experiment must be consistent as more or less water could affect the rate of movement across the cell membrane.time the beetroot are left in the water. If they were all kept to different times then the results would not be reliable enough to draw up a conclusion and say if the results agree with the hypothesis.The independent variable will be the temperature of the water the beetroot pieces will be placed in. These temperatures will vary from 7à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C to 73c.I will make sure before using the boiling tubes that they are clean and if not they are properly cleaned and dried so as not to contaminate the water with anything that is left behind in the tubes. This is because if the water got dirty this could possibly affec t the results.I will make sure than once the beetroots are in the boiling tubes I do not keep taking them out again or that I do not shake the tubes but leave them in the racks. This is because by extracting the beetroot or shaking the tubes it may speed up or slow dont the amount of dye that is released.Finally when using the calorimeter I must make sure that each sample is compared against the distilled water, and not another sample.Safety- Safety is very important in any scientific experiment. Before I start the experiment I will wear goggles and a laboratory coat so any risk of accidents is reduced. Also I will tie back any lose clothing and hair as they could come in the way of the experiment and cause an accident. I must make sure that I do not eat/drink/chew during the experiment as the products could be contaminated. Also I will wash my hands before and after the experiment so any substances are removed, and do not affect the investigation or cause harm to me.Whilst using th e cork borer and knife I will make sure that I always cut down onto a tile so that I reduce the risk of an accident to my hand.When heating the eater with the Bunsen burner I will have to be very careful with the fire and make sure that nothing is in the way. Also I will keep the flame visible so that I can see and be aware of the flame. After boiling the water in a kettle I will make sure that I pick the kettle up by the handle and I do not touch the outercase as it will be very hot.I will take extra caution whilst handling glassware as it could easily be smashed. Because the beaker could be very hot at times I will use a pipette to transfer the liquid so that I do not have to lift the beaker.I will make sure that the desktop I am working on is clean and has no obstructions, all stools, books and belongings and unwanted equipments I will put away as they could cause accidents. I will work on a flat surface to minimise the occurrence of an accident, if there are any spillages/ accid ents I will clean/report them immediately.I know how to use equipEthical issues- In this experiment an edible ingredient is going to be used. However I must make sure that because it is being used for the investigation that it is not consumed prior or after the investigation. Consuming it after the experiment could cause harm to the body.Results- I have recorded the results in a table as it is more systematic and so easier for me to interpret and distinguish any trends. Also it will be easier for me to identify any errors or anomalies. What makes a good table?A good table of results should have:Temperature C% Absorbency0C0.0010C0.0020C0.1030C0.1740C0.1950C0.2360C0.3070C0.34à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½an informative titleà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½units in headings, not next to the numerical data.A graph is a visual representation of data. Numerical data should be presented in a way that helps in the identification of any trends or patterns in the data.more easily seen in a graph than in a table, and anomalies mor e easily identified.Line graphsA line graph can be used to show relationships in data which are not immediately obvious from tables (Figure 4).When drawing any type of graph with axes, remember always to include:à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½an informative titleà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½sensible scales on each axis, if appropriateà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½labels on both axesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½units on both axes, if appropriateà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a key.The general trend of the results is obvious, as the temperature is increased the beetroot let out more color, thus the water was darker. This backs up my hypothesis in which I stated that the more heat added, the more dye will be released as more damage is done to membranes within the cell. And so the permeability of the cell membrane is directly proportional to the temperature. This is because as temperature rises the movement of the phospholipids increases allowing more of the dye to move across the membrane.I can identify that the results overall follow a pattern and that as the temperature i ncreases so does the absorbency. The biggest difference in absorbency was between 20 and 30C from 0.10 to 0.17 and 50C to 60C, from 0.23 to 0.30.From 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C to 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, theres a slight increase in the average percentage of absorbeny. This is because when water freezes, it expands and this makes the cell membrane burst. The bursting results in more pigments leaking.In general between 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, as the temerature increases more pigments are leaking out thus the darker the colour. This is because the cell becomes less permeable.Spearmans rank correlationA Spearmans rank correlation test will tell you whether two variables are correlated, i.e. whether a change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the other variable. It will tell you whether the relationship is a positive correlation (both go up together) or a negative correlation (one goes up as the other goes down) and the strength of any correlation.For any Spearmans rank correlation you do, the null hypothesis will be:There is no correlation between the two variables.You can use this test on interval or ordinal data and the data will always be in matched pairs. This means that one piece of data is associated with one other piece of data only, for example, if you were measuring temperature and water depth, each temperature measurement would belong with only one specific depth measurement (both taken atthe same place). If you mixed the matched pairs up the data would be meaningless.Examples of where you might use Spearmans rank correlation:à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Is there a correlation between temperature and height up a mountain?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Is there a correlation between mouse density and proximity to a cheese factory?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Is there a correlation between current speed and mayfly nymph abundance?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Is there a correlation between cigarette smoking and low intelligence?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Is there a correlation between species diversity and height on the seashore?Using Spearmans rank correlationUse a Spearmans rank correlation test when youve got two variables and you want to see if they are correlated. Your calculated Spearmans rank correlation coefficient (rs) lets you test to see if youve got a correlation between two variables, i.e. if a change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the other variable. It also measures the strengthof any correlation. You need at least eight pairs of data in matched pairs. Being inmatched pairs means that one piece of data is associated with only one other piece of data. For example, if you were measuring speed of hair growth at different ages, each hair growth measurement would belong with only one age measurement. If you mixed the matched pairs up the data would be meaningless.Types of correlationPositive correlationsFigure 1 shows the (fictional) relationship between amount of beer drunk and temperature. It seems that the hotter it gets, the more beer isdrunk. As one variable goes up so does the other . This is an example of aperfect positive correlation. If you calculated rs for these data you wouldget a value of _1 (plus one). Rarely will you get exactly _1 but stronglypositively correlated variables will usually give you a value approaching_1.Negative correlationsFigure 2 shows students happiness quotient plotted against the number ofhours spent doing statistics. Extraordinary as it may seem, it wouldappear that the longer you spend doing statistics the more unhappy youbecome. As one variable (time spent doing stats) goes up, the other(happiness quotient) goes down. This isa perfect negative correlation. If you calculated rs for these data youwould get a value of -1 (minus one). Rarely will you get exactly -1. Stronglynegatively correlated variables will usually give you a value approachingConclusion-I found out that overall as the temperature increased the colour released was darker, i.e. more pigmentation was released. This agrees with my prediction and shows that at lower t emperatures the colour did not leak as much but at higher temperatures the cell loses its permeability. This is because by increasing the temperature the structure of the membrane changes as the proteins loses their tertiary structure and begins to denature. This is because the interactions of the bonds that hold the protein in its structure are weak and easily altered by physical changes. This tertiary structure will begin to breakdown the proteins and lose the ability to control what passes through and so more betalins will pass through and so there will be a greater pigment loss. As a result the lipid biayer may also be begin to break and larger gaps start to form between the phospholipids molecules and more pigments (betalins) can move into and out of the cell.The line of best fit on the graph is shows that the temperature is proportional to the light absorbency. However it is not a strong positive correlation. For temperatures below 45C there was little difference between the t emperatures. However after 45C there is a huge difference between. The temperatures. I think this is because.The results in the graph indicate that overall as the temperature increases the permeability of the cell membrane decreases. The graph has produced a curve rather than the expected straight line. I think that this could have been because many of the experiments had to be reheated and so it affected the membrane.I feel that the graph can support a valid conclusion as it agrees with my prediction. The absorbency figure goes up steadily and this shows that there was a relationship between the temperature and the membrane permeability. I did not also have anomalies, which I think make the results more reliable.Although my results seem valid I acknowlede that they are not very relaible as I only have one set of resullts. Consequentrly I cannot check the precision of the results or the degree of accuracy I do not have other set of results to compare with. However the above results on their own do look precise with a positive correaltion.Although the results are good enough I understand that they are not completely accurate. Most importantly I know that because we did not have the availability of water baths it was very difficult to maintain the right temperature. Consequently although I heated the temperature slightly above what was needed to allow time for it to cool the temperature fell very quickly. As a result I had to (re)heat the solutions, including the ones with ice. Also as a result of this I may have moved some test-tubes more than others which could have affected the permeability of the membrane.Another error could have been my visibility. I understand that because I was wearing goggles it could have slightly obscured my view. Consequently when checking the temperature with the thermometer, whilst measuring the volume and when stopping the clock after 20 minutes I could have misread the measurements/temperature/time. Thus my reaction time when stop ping and even starting the clock each time could have been faster or slower giving unequal times. Another possibility could be that because I used the same thermometer in between the experiments it could have transferred some particles from one to another and so affect the reliability. Furthermore when placing the curvettes in the colorimeter the time it took to collect the solutions and place them in the slot could have varied, which in turn could have affected the results.Evaluation- Overall the procedure used was suitable, however to obtain more reliable and valid results changes/improvements could be made.If a trail run was carried out, it could have been used to recognise weaknesses in the procedure so that the actual experiment gave more reliable results and fewer errors.Each temperature was only carried out once, to get more reliable and accurate and valid results could have carried it out at least 1 more time, or get another students set of results and combine them to get an average. could have obtained an averageWhen using the cork borer to obtain the beetroot pieces the samples were not obtained from the same area. It is important to take the pieces from a similar region of the beetroot as each type of tissue will have a different water potential and so it is important to use the same.. This could affect the results as different parts of the beetroot could contain more betalin than others, which would mean that that the more diffusion would happen in the beetroot pieces which contained more betalin when heated. By making sure that each beetroot was cut out of the same place in the beetroot it would ensure a more accurate set of results as all the pieces would contain the same amount of dye.When using the cork borer although I used the same size ones, it is a possibility that I may not have got the same volume of shape each time. Also when measuring the 1cm pieces and cutting with a knife, there is bound to have been some even slight difference. As an alternative to using a ruler to measure the beetroot pieces I could have used another piece of equipment such as vernier clips to give far more accurate measurements. eyepiece graticule. For small items, a standard ruler will give anaccuracy to 1 mm; vernier callipers will give an accuracy to 0.1 mm. Larger objects or distances may require a tape measure, which will have an accuracy that depends on the scale.During the experiment I had goggles on which could have obscured my view. I understand they are needed for safety; nevertheless they could have affected my visibility when measuring the volumes and identifying the temperature as well as stopping the timing. Instead of relying on a stop clock, an automatic clock or timer could be used that would indicate when 20 minutes were over. My eyesight could have contributed to some inaccuracy. Because I did not use an automatic stop clock it could be possible that I stopped the stopclock late. This could mean that the beetroot pieces wer e in for longer than 30 minutes. To avoid this next time I should use an automatic stopclock.Also whilst handling the beetroot pieces I did not take great care to ensure that I handle them with care. It could be possible that when placing them in the tubes I just threw them in which could have caused damage to the membrane. This could possibly cause more of the dye to leak out.Also the experiment was only carried out on a small scale. To obtain better results I think the temperature gap between each tube should have been 10C so that the trend and point where the membrane denatures can be distinguished more easily. However I feel that my results show fairly well how a membrane functions under temperature change.The other difficultly was getting the right temperature. Because no water baths were available I used a kettle to heat the water. Water baths would have been much more reliable and sensible to use as the bath could heat each water to the required temperature as they are thermo statically controlled. The problem with using the kettle was that it can only heat water till boiling point and so that meant I had to add tap water or ice to get the required temperature. Also the kettle can contain many impurities which I was not aware of. When conducting this experiment next time I will make sure that if water baths are not available I will use a Bunsen burner to heat the water as this way I can get the required temperatures more easily.I realise that a systematic error in the procedure was that I used the same thermometer for each temperature. This could have transferred some particles. If available, water baths would be a better option to use.I could have used Electronic balancesI would also use a smaller range of temperatures, starting with 10 to about 50,Dropping pipettesPasteur pipettes (also called dropping pipettes) are designed to give a constant volume in each drop, although they are not very accurate. They should be held upright (rubber bulb at the top) during use. To get a drop to f

Starbucks †Going Global Fast

Starbucks – Going Global Fast Abstract Starbucks, like other companies, has continued to expand its global operations for enhanced business sustainability. As a matter of fact, the company is going global by entering new markets. On the other hand, there are various risks that the company is facing in international markets. Therefore, Starbucks has been forced to deal with various elements in entering global markets to enhance its operations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks – Going Global Fast specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Starbucks prides itself as the largest coffeehouse company around the globe. It was started in Seattle as a coffee bean roaster and retailer (Starbucks, 2010, p. 8). From thereon, the company has been expanding as time goes by to reach new markets. Wholesomely, the company has more than 17,800 stores in 49 different countries (Starbucks, 2010, p. 12). Most of these stores are based in the United States of America. In addition, it has a large range of products to suit different market needs and tastes. In a broad perspective, most of its products are seasonal. This means that they are specific to a given locality that the company operates a store. Starbucks has always had good growth plans and in 2009 it had projected to open 900 stores outside the United States to enhance its global operations (Starbucks, 2010, p. 6). Starbucks global expansion: Controllables It should be known that the company has dealt with relevant controllable elements in entering global markets. The company has had a big challenge of maintaining its own growth (Starbucks, 2010, p. 21). As a matter of fact, it does not have any debt and has been financing its expansion programs without any problem. The company has also been forced to maintain a tight grip on its own image. To deal with this issue, it has ensured that most of its stores are company owned. This implies that there will be no franchises to slow down its operations in different perspectives. Price is another controllable element that the company has had to contend with. For instance, Italian bars have prospered by offering customers various quisines. Starbucks has controlled its advertising and therefore saved a bundle on its marketing costs (Pendergrast, 2001, p. 8).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a matter of fact, it only spends 1% of its revenues on advertising and this is very effective and efficient. Most of this is incurred on new product launches and new flavor drinks. When compared with other companies that spend more than $ 300 million on advertising, the company spends $30 million (Pendergrast, 2001, p. 13). Management expansion tactics have been kept within the reach of the company’s resources in expanding to new markets (Starbucks, 2010, p. 24). This has made it possible for th e company to design and open a new store in less than 16 weeks. In addition, it has also been able to recoup its investments in less than three years. Innovation is another controllable element that the company has continually used to its advantage (Pendergrast, 2001, p. 32). In this case, the company has been highly innovative as far as its beverages are concerned. This can be explained from the fact that it has installed automatic espresso machines in more than 800 locations in a bid to improve service delivery in new markets (Bryant, 2009, p. 11). Some years back, the company began offering prepaid cards. This has improved its activities in new international markets. Technology has been embraced at an internal level in the company’s global expansion strategy (Pendergrast, 2001, p. 12). In this case, Web technology has been included in its systems to increase service delivery. This means that customers can preorder and pre-pay for various pastries and beverages. Starbucks g lobal expansion: Relevant uncontrollable elements The company has had to cope with the unpredictable challenge of being refereed to as a mature company (Starbucks, 2010, p. 6). This has been witnessed in the US but has spread to other foreign markets. In this case, the company will continually face a hostile reception from different future consumers. The company can not control the number of the youthful population in different markets. This means that it has to continually re-invent itself for enhanced sustainability. It has been extensively involved in market research to know the needs of different market segments (Bryant, 2009, p. 431).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks – Going Global Fast specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As the company spreads out, it has faced different cultural challenges in distinct markets. It should be known that countries have diverse cultural backgrounds. Culture defines th e tastes and preferences of different consumers. Therefore, the company has been forced to understand different cultural aspects to strengthen its presence (Bryant, 2009, p. 65). It is quite obvious that a given commodity might not do well in new international markets. In this case, Starbucks has continually enhanced its product line to suit new market needs and preferences. There is no company that can control the pace of technological advancements. Technology has continued to spread very fast as time goes by (Pendergrast, 2001, p. 32). For enhanced operations, the company should keep pace with various advancements for an improvement in its operations. To remain relevant, Starbucks has always embraced technology and incorporated it in its operations in relation to the demands of a given new market. Such advancements have been seen in the development of a prepaid card for customers (David, 2007, p. 7). Competition has been increasing in different markets like Japan. This competition has been intensified as customers demand new experiences. Therefore, the company should cope up with competition as it is not in any capacity to control it. For example, it has consistently developed a broad new menu in Japan to remain competitive. This has seen it increase its stores to 700 (David, 2007, p. 13). To keep off competition, it has also developed seasonal products to suit the needs of the market at that particular time (Bryant, 2009, p. 25). Starbucks has also had to contend with various political and legal bindings. An example is France’s arcane regulations and labor benefits. Major sources of risks facing Starbucks in its international markets One of the major risks that the company has faced is a saturated market. Though this has been witnessed in domestic markets like US and Canada, its effects have been felt in new and international markets. As much as it has more than 17,800 stores in 49 different countries, the company considers this as an upper limit of coffee shop saturation (Starbucks, 2010, p. 15).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, saturation has also been witnessed in Japan where the effect of new shops has slowly worn off. To curb this threat, the company has continually renovated its stores and improved its services to remain strategic in the market (Bryant, 2009, p. 35). Another source of risk is loosing customers. This is because the company offers very few options to different consumers. As a mater of fact, it has been importing its flagship products to new markets. As much as markets may be related, the company needs to develop products based on different tastes and preferences. This will protect it from losing customers who want new experiences (Bryant, 2009, p. 63). The Generation X does not feel comfortable with Starbucks stores and this is a very big source of business risk in international markets. In this case, the company might end up facing a very hostile reception from its future customers. As a matter of fact, they will be turned away by the power and image of the company’ s well known brand. To solve this problem, the company should continually redesign its brand to make it more appealing to the youthful market (Michelli, 2006, p. 17). Global expansion poses a big risk to the company’s international markets. This is because it makes less money from its overseas ventures. Such overseas ventures are operated in partnership with local businesses. In this case, the company should focus on a good strategic alliance that will increase its profitability. For instance, it can embrace alliances in the acquisition of properties instead of partnerships (Michelli, 2006, p. 19). Great obstacles will also be seen in SRC and Ethnocentrism with local partners. To solve this, the company can keep away SRC and Ethnocentrism from its decision making. There is another risk of employee disruption. In this case, there is a perception that most of the company’s employees are dissatisfied with their pay. Starbucks should therefore focus on new ways of reducing employee disruption to enhance service delivery in its stores (Michelli, 2006, p. 39). Critique Starbucks overall corporate strategy The company has been making various loses because of an apparent mismatch between its customer expectations and corporate strategy. Although the company dominates the USA market, there are other states that don’t have a single Starbuck store (Starbucks, 2010, p. 25). This means that it has not paid attention to the whole market. The company believes that it can make many sales by increasing its stores every now and then. By increasing its stores in domestic and international markets day by day, the company has forgotten to focus on its key mission of satisfying customer needs (Warner, 2004, p. 11). It should be known that the company can design and develop a new store in less than 16 weeks. Starbucks has continually focused on the older generation thereby forgetting the Generation X (Bryant, 2009, p. 75). In this case, it does not have a differ ential pricing for the youthful market. For instance, some of them find it absurd to pay $3 for a cup of coffee. The company has relied on franchising to expand its business outside United States and this undermines its strength in key domestic markets (USA and Canada). It is undeniable that the company is going global but its spending has not been matching its market status (Warner, 2004, p. 14). Starbucks only spends 1% of its revenues on advertising unlike other major companies that spend 10% of their revenues. This poor spending ultimately negates its brand building initiatives outside USA (Bryant, 2009, p. 67). Starbucks has in one way or the other created barriers to entry for other competitors through its somehow predatory real estate strategy (David, 2007, p. 18). This is not good in a free and competitive market and may attract a lot of dissents from customers and the community. The company’ does not pay its workers well in relation to their workload. This has create d a lot of dissatisfaction among employees. Apart from this, Schultz, the company’s chairman, has been making scathing comments that might affect its business in Muslim dominated regions (Michelli, 2006, p. 41). How Starbucks can improve profitability in Japan The company can still improve its profits in Japan by repositioning its products and services. As a matter of fact, Japanese customers are less conscious about prices. More attention should be focused on the youthful generation as they have good growth prospects. Because there are many competitors in Japan, the company can either increase benefits or reduce prices to keep off intensified competition. Japanese people are very busy and might not find enough time to visit Starbuck stores. In this case, it can introduce the US online system where customers will give their orders through the internet (Starbucks, 2010, p. 32). In addition, it can also come up with an effective entertainment or cultural campaign to entice vari ous Japanese youths. This will likely attract youths to the company’s stores. Extra activities can also be added to its existing product line to suit different market tastes. In this case, the company will be able to increase its profitability in Japan (Bryant, 2009, p. 31). Conclusion Starbucks has been increasing its global activities to expand its market beyond USA and Canada. This has seen the company establish its presence in more than 49 countries. Therefore, it has had to cope with the unpredictable and predictable elements in entering these markets. As much as it has more than 17,800 stores in 49 different countries, the company considers this as an upper limit of coffee shop saturation. The company has faced various criticisms because of its overall corporate strategy. This should be effectively taken care of for enhanced sustainability. For instance, the company believes that it can make more sales by increasing its stores every now and then. Despite all these probl ems, the company can still remain profitable in its key markets like Japan by embracing good growth strategies. Reference List Bryant, S. (2009). Everything but the Coffee: Learning about America from Starbucks. California: University of California Press. David, R. (2007). Struck By Starbucks. New York: Forbes. Michelli, J. A. (2006). The Starbucks experience: 5 principles for turning ordinary into extraordinary. New York: McGraw-Hill. Pendergrast, M. (2001). Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World. London: Texere. Starbucks. (2010). For business. Web. Starbucks. (2010). Starbucks coffee Japan. Web. Warner, M. (2004). Cup of Coffee, Grain of Salt. New York: New York Times.

Solicitar estatus de refugiado para Estados Unidos

Solicitar estatus de refugiado para Estados Unidos Las personas perseguidas o que teman sufrir represalias pueden solicitar asilo en Estados Unidos o que se les otorgue el estatus de refugiado. La gran diferencia es que el asilo se pide estando ya fà ­sicamente en EEUU o en un puerto de entrada y la condicià ³n de refugiado se solicita en el extranjero. Condiciones para que la condicià ³n de refugiado sea reconocida por Estados Unidos Deben cumplirse las siguientes premisas: 1. Vivir en un paà ­s distinto del propio o al de residencia habitual. Hay excepciones previstas legalmente, como el caso de los cubanos. 2. La persona que solicita que se le conceda el estatus de refugiado no puede tener và ­nculos fuertes en el paà ­s en el que se encuentra actualmente. Por ejemplo, si su cà ³nyuge es de ese paà ­s o tiene un trabajo estable se considera que tiene lazos fuertes. 3. No puede regresar a su paà ­s porque tiene un miedo fundado de que si lo hace sufrir represalias o ser perseguido por razà ³n de su raza, religià ³n, pertenencia a un determinado grupo social o à ©tnico o por su opinià ³n polà ­tica. 4. Y, finalmente, que conceder la condicià ³n de refugiado a una persona en particular se encuentre dentro de las prioridades del gobierno de los Estados Unidos de Amà ©rica, que es el à ºnico con potestad para decidir quà © es prioridad para el paà ­s. Procedimiento para solicitar el estatus de refugiado Dependiendo del caso, se contacta con una oficina consular o, en la mayorà ­a de los casos, se viene referido por una organizacià ³n, como por ejemplo, el Alto Comisionado de Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (UNHCR, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Hay que tener en cuenta que en la inmensa mayorà ­a de las oficinas consulares de Estados Unidos no se tramitan las peticiones de refugiados. Sà ³lo en un nà ºmero reducido de las mismas.   Ser precisamente ante un oficial de Inmigracià ³n del USCIS asignado a una oficina consular ante el que hay que probar que se tiene un caso para ser considerado refugiado. Adems, hay que contar con la promesa de un patrocinador en los Estados Unidos que, en el caso de que sea concedida la peticià ³n de refugiado, sirva de apoyo para su recolocacià ³n en Estados Unidos. Si finalmente el USCIS otorga el estatus de refugiado, la persona recibir una visa para entrar y vivir en EEUU. A tener en cuenta En el proceso para conseguir el estatus de refugiado es necesario entrevistarse en persona con el oficial del USCIS a cargo del caso. Si la persona que alega ser refugiado se encuentra en otro paà ­s, el gobierno de Estados Unidos no corre con los gastos de su desplazamiento hasta el paà ­s donde se encuentra la oficina consular que debe tramitar el caso. Tampoco puede ayudar a conseguir visados para llegar a ese paà ­s, si fuesen necesarios. Tips Casa caso es un mundo. Por lo que es muy arriesgado juzgar si una persona puede ganar o no el estatus de refugiado. En todo caso es fundamental tener de verdad miedo de ser perseguido o sufrir represalias. Asimismo, se tiene que tener la capacidad de probar y explicar adecuadamente las razones de ese miedo. Y, finalmente, no hay que olvidar que Estados Unidos tiene sus propias prioridades. No todas las peticiones son iguales y es materialmente imposible conceder el estatus de refugiado a todas las personas que lo solicitan. En todo   caso, la solicitud de condicià ³n de refugiado para los nacionales de 7 paà ­ses de mayorà ­a musulmana se ha visto muy alterada por la  presidencia de Donald Trump, si bien las cortes se han pronunciado en contra de la prohibicià ³n que se impuso por orden ejecutiva a los refugiados de dichos paà ­ses.. Diferencia entre el asilo y el estatus de refugiado Segà ºn la ley americana, el asilo sà ³lo se puede solicitar cuando las  personas se encuentran ya fà ­sicamente en Estados Unidos o que lo solicitan en un aeropuerto o puerto de entrada a Estados Unidos y demuestran miedo creà ­ble. En cada uno de estos casos el procedimiento es distinto y no aplican las mismas reglas a las personas que ya se encuentran dentro del paà ­s y a las que solicitan el asilo nada ms llegar a la frontera. Adems, hay que recordar que se ha puesto fin  a la polà ­tica de de pies secos, pies mojados  para cubanos y tambià ©n las  visas CMPP  para personal sanitario de la misma nacionalidad en misiones en el exterior. Los cubanos pueden seguir el mismo procedimiento de peticià ³n de asilo que el resto de las nacionalidades. Si bien sigue en vigor la Ley de Ajuste Cubano. Segà ºn esa norma, los cubanos podrn solicitar la tarjeta de residencia al pasar 1 aà ±o y 1 dà ­a de presencia fà ­sica en Estados Unidos, pero la condicià ³n es que el ingreso haya sido legal. Finalmente, para entender el asilo y la condicià ³n de refugiado resulta conveniente tomar este test de respuestas mà ºltiples. Contiene las respuestas correctas y brindan ayuda para aclarar dudas e inquietudes. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Advertisments to Compare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advertisments to Compare - Essay Example ADMITTEDLY, WE’RE BAD AT SUMMATION. This is further complimented by another phrase at the lower part of the ad that reads "There arent enough adjectives to describe the straight from the orange taste of Tropicana Pure Premium†. The simplified advert is further graced by an image of the drink’s packaging box positioned at the bottom right corner. The box has a replica image of an orange and straw similar to one described in the main advertisement (Belch & Belch, 2011). This advertisement is comprised of three key parts. On the top part of the ad is an image of Paula Creamer, a golf professional athlete who was at the time the sport’s holding champion. In her hands, the athlete is seen holding what looks like a golf club. Right below her image on the right side, a few words are inscribed: "UNSTOPPABLE. PAULA CREAMER IS. So is her Citizen Eco-Drive. Fueled by light, it never needs a battery. Its UNSTOPPABLE. Just like the people who wear it." On the left side just below Paula’s image, a large image of a white ceramic Citizen Eco-Drive watch is imprinted. On its right side, are the wordings â€Å"ECO-DRIVE Watch with 32 Diamonds.† On the bottom right part of the advertisement is the Citizen ECO-DRIVE trademark image (logo) accompanied by the company’s website link (citizenwatch.com) (Belch & Belch, 2011). In order to enhance the probability of succeeding in any marketing or advertisement campaign, it is important to begin by aligning the advertisements with what grabs the attention of the product’s target customers (Pride & Ferrell, 2010). By this, the marketers try to maximize on adding attractive features to the products’ advertisements which the target customers can relate to and perhaps get attracted to purchase the product. For the two advertisements described earlier in the paper, there are various features outlined in each, which help to establish the likely target

Pros and cons of caffeinne Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pros and cons of caffeinne - Essay Example Research has shown that caffeine improves memory and decreases fatigue while improving mental and athletic performance (Doheny, 2006). Caffeine increases athletic stamina by enhancing glycogen, the body’s energy storage system, and mobilizes fat cells which allow the body to burn fuel more efficiently thus promoting endurance. Caffeine diminishes perceived effort while exercising. This has the psychological effect of increasing the degree of effort during exercise which burns additional calories (Gruenemay, 2006). This chemical action also suppresses appetite which leads to weight loss. Morning coffee drinkers know that caffeine increases alertness. It does this by stimulating brain activity. Caffeine is an addictive drug causing a dependence which leads to withdraw symptoms when discontinued (Doheny, 2006). Though caffeine increases energy, the dehydration that accompanies makes exercise especially unhealthy. Caffeine, a natural diuretic, relieves constipation by encouraging the intestine to contract which causes diarrhea and cramping. When over-used, all stimulants including caffeine can cause  insomnia, irritability and ‘the shakes.’ The weight loss associated with stimulants is offset by cream added to coffee or tea. Caffeine has been shown to initiate heart palpitations and should be strictly avoided if the user is at risk of heart disease or if the user is taking any prescription drug (Gruenemay, 2006).   Moderate amounts of caffeine will not cause heart disease, cancer or birth defects according to evidence compiled by the American Dietetic Association. Moderation is the key to enjoying products that contain caffeine without suffering ill effects but the operative word is moderation (â€Å"The Pros and Cons of Caffeine†,

Gendering Childhood Essay Example for Free

Gendering Childhood Essay Toy stores are places where the gender of different children is being shaped – be it femininity, masculinity or gender-neutrality – according to the current ideas of society and culture about gender. It is therefore evident that toy stores are actually catalysts to the ongoing ideas about a certain kind of gender. In terms of gender-neutral toys, toy stores can be seen as a channel for interaction or equality between the sexes, although this is only seen some of the toys intended for toddlers and teens, and the toys that are digital/computer-based such as educational toys and consoles. In most toy stores, there are clear divisions and may even be separated and placed on opposite ends of the store. There are also sections where it is not clear whether or not the intention is for either gender. The toy stores are also divided depending on the age of those who are going to buy them. Usually, the age is progressive as one goes deeper into the store from the most simple of dolls and balls for one-year olds to the complex digital, computerized toys that can span from the age of seven and up. Looking at the store itself, the general theme of a certain section can actually point to whether or not the section is intended for boys, girls or neither gender. It is seen in many ways including the color scheme of the section, the featured toys and, sometimes, even the salespersons manning the section. However, the toy stores aren’t explicit in their customers in terms of labeling a section either for boys or for girls. Most of the signs in the sections are only implicit in the themes that they take. Gender neutral sections are often filled with toys that are educational and electronic gadgets. Also, gender neutral sections often have neutral colors such as white and silver as opposed to the gendered colors of pink and blue. They are also often seen in the middle of the gendered section. In terms of packaging, some of the toys are explicit in their intended customers by showing either boys or girls playing with the toys they are selling printed on the boxes. Gender neutral toys are often printed with both a girl and a boy on the cover, cooperating or looking very intrigued as they play or tinker with the toys. Other gender-neutral toys have neither child involved but only a feature of the product without any action that denotes the culture’s (in this case, America’s) notion of femininity or masculinity. The colors are neutral – often just a white background – and does not feature any actions that could be seen as either soft (feminine) or hard (masculine). A gendered toy’s packaging, on the other hand, has an implicit message conveyed on the box. Action, competition, adrenaline, and the macho effect are often portrayed in the boxes of boys’ toys in the boys’ section. On the girls’ section, flowers, happy homes, cute and sexy themes seem to dominate the shelves; often, older themes of make-up and fashion are being made as toys, as if pushing for girls to be women at a younger age. Going further into the connection of age and gendered toys, there seems to be a pattern concerning gendering them with respect to age. This is not to say, however, that other toys that don’t fall into these two categories are not gender neutral. There are also toys, most belonging to sports, which are gender-neutral. Toddlers usually have gender neutral toys intended for two things. The first involves amusement in the form of dolls and other soft items that they can chew on, throw, fall on and hit without causing them any harm or danger. Some of these toys may be gendered but many of them are not. The second is to educate them. These educational toys are completely gender-neutral as toy-makers consider the minds of either sex of the children as capable of processing basic information that they should learn, such as knowing what a cow is and what sounds they make. And since toys are not exactly limited to children, some toys that can have adults as audiences as well, such as game consoles and sports-oriented toys, are gender-neutral and are only gendered when it comes to the accessories and other things that they append to these toys. Some examples include the game cartridges. Because of gendering of the majority of toys in the formative years of the child, the idea of femininity and masculinity are instilled in society in an ongoing cycle. The current society’s ideal of masculinity are seen instilled in children in the early stages, dictating and instilling ideas on how girls and boys should be and how they should grow up to be. This forces them to conform to society’s current ideas of them aside from possible biological and other external influences that dictate children from their earliest years. Although gender preference may change in the later years, the influence of toys given to children – even if it is â€Å"feminine† toys given to boys – is a factor in how these children grow up to be.

The Puzzling Message of Figure in the Carpet :: Figure in the Carpet Essays

The Puzzling Message of Figure in the Carpet At the beginning of "The Figure in the Carpet", the main character considers the criticism of literature to be a career, something he does for money. "I had done a few things and earned a few pence" (p. 357), declares the narrator in the opening line. He says later in the paragraph that having an advanced copy of a prominent novel to review was desirable because it would advance his career: "Öand whatever much or little it should do for his reputation I was clear on the spot as to what it should do for mine." (p. 357) The character sees Vereker's work as a vehicle to advance his career. There seems to be little excitement as to the content of Vereker's work, the reader is never given even so much as the subject matter of a Vereker novel. Instead, all of the focus of the opening scenes is directed towards the narrator's struggle to become a renowned critic. Henry James is contrasting the practice of literary criticism with the ideal of what literary criticism should be. Even the characters that seem to be in the purest pursuit of Vereker's great secret, Corvick and Gwendolen, will not share it with their friends. When they discover it, they all want to publish it for themselves. Vereker himself seems to hold the literary critics in the book in contempt, citing their lack of vision. Vereker speaks to the narrator at several points in the novel, "You miss it, my dear fellow, with inimitable assurance; the fact that your being awfully clever and your article's being very awfully nice doesn't make a hairs breadth of difference." (p.365) The work of a literary critic in Vereker's eyes is to find the figure in the carpet. Which is to say that what a literary critic and readers of literature should do is to look for a deeper meaning or context in works of literature. Vereker is upset because the critics fail to grasp the deeper meaning in his works. James himself must have been quite upset at the critics of his day. Influential critics can make or break a writer. More than anyone else, critics can sway how people perceive the work of an author. As James illustrates in the story, critics are not to be trusted as authority.

Ethics In Contemporary Society Essay

The study of ethics explores man’s notion of morality. It refers to the in-depth analysis of the social norms that are used to gauge what is right and what is wrong from our actions. Most of these social norms largely depend on our view of life and its value. This is where â€Å"bioethics† was based. Although all the moral principles stem from the basic social norm that life should be valued, it should be noted that overtime, the way in which life is esteemed and prized changes. In other words, though the notion of preserving and promoting life seems to be the core principle of morality, the interpretations of the importance of life, along with the basis of its value change sporadically from time to time. Advancement and changes in the view of life Technological and medical innovations have delivered various changes in the life of mankind. These advancements have brought about ease and comfort in our day to day living. Such innovations were deemed as necessary tools for progress, advancement and expansion towards a more developed state of industrialization. Such innovations were made to fulfill an end goal of having a world where each and every human being will find a better state of life. However, the rise of this modern civilization did not only produce improvements in the way of living. Rather, it also introduced modifications in our values. In essence, the modern civilization that leans on science, technology, and capitalism proved to be the major basis for the creation of the evolving views on life and living. This modern society brought about by deemed advancements challenged our social norms and created a new sense of consciousness and appreciation for life. As what can be observed, the various bioethical dilemmas that remain to be very arguable issues these days stemmed from the introduction of scientific and technological advancements. Generally, it seems that the advancements that were created and invented by man not only enabled us to have power and control over our physical landscape. Rather, these granted us a certain level of empowerment that allowed us to generate the notion that we can challenge the traditional parochial view of life and living. As such, many issues that address the concept of life and death have risen. The question, however, remains the same: should these challenges to the norm beneficial or do these changes just contribute to the disintegration of society and ruin of moral integrity? No common ground Abortion, â€Å"mercy killing,† â€Å"mercy death,† and â€Å"letting people die† are just among the pressing bioethical issues that continue to haunt not only the medical sector, but the entire society. Apparently, issues that involved life and death stem from our various points of view regarding how, why, and when life should be valued and in what degree. Although all worldviews seem to agree that everybody should place value on life, the basis on how it should be valued changes over time and place. For example, it should be noted that issues on â€Å"mercy killing† stem from the fact that people are faced with the dilemma on what should be prioritized: life as merely the chance to breathe or life as a state of actual living. Also, the introduction of innovations to man’s way of life largely prompted many people to disregard the supreme thought that â€Å"everyone has the right to live. † Instead, more and more people are adapting the thought that life should be valued only if the person will enjoy more benefits that sufferings in the life that he is bound to pursue. Radically, the importance of life has changed from â€Å"being supremely important† to â€Å"becoming important on the grounds of the rewards and punishments that it may bring. † Unfortunately, the dilemma of choosing which of these life views are better for our society will be left unanswered unanimously for each of us will hold his own set of moral opinion, that is again, largely influenced by the degree of technological advancement that enveloped each of our lives. Reference: Thiroux, Jacques P. (2006). Ethics: Theory and Practice. Prentice Hall

Marketing Research †Final Exam Review Essay

Units 1-2 One question will be drawn from the following. This is the only material you need to know from the first two units except for material that has carried over into Unit 3. For instance, things like response types, population, sample, sampling distribution, etc. were covered in Unit 2. These concepts are important to understanding the Unit 3 material, so you need to know them. Studying real organizations is sometimes the most effective way to understand some marketing research concepts. In this course, class material has been illustrated through over fifty examples of real organizations. Most of the examples and cases have been covered in the first two exams. These possible long answer questions address examples and cases that have not been covered–there aren’t that many of that haven’t been covered! 1. In the Diageo Captain Morgan Gold case, what did management choose to do and why? (4 pts) What was the outcome, and why did it happen? (4 pts) What is the main lesson to take away from the case? (2 pts) 2. In the cloth vs. disposable diapers case, describe the background and results of the two studies. (8 pts) What lesson does this illustrate about using secondary data for marketing research? (2 pts) 3. In the Whirlpool case, what did marketing research studies show, and what did management decide to do? (6 pts) While management made a mistake in hindsight, their reasoning made sense from the production side—why? (2 pts) There are several takeaway lessons from this case. Name one. (2 pts) Unit 3 – There is only one possible long answer question, and here it is: Part 1 Do people in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Houston spend the same average amount on furniture each year, or are there differences between the cities? To answer this, a furniture company gathered data from people in the four cities. The supervisor proposes that they compare each pair of cities. So they would compare NYC vs. Chicago, NYC vs. LA, NYC vs. Houston, Chicago vs. LA, Chicago vs. Houston, and LA vs. Houston. If any of those pairs reveals a significant difference with 95% confidence (i.e., you can be 95% confident that the two groups are different), then they can conclude that the cities are not all the same. a. Briefly, why isn’t this a good way to analyze the data? (5 pts) The problem with running 6 pair tests is that there is still a 5% chance that the z- value we calculate will be a fluke that leads to a wrong conclusion. For each calculation done, there is an increased chance of error, thus we are six times more likely to get the wrong conclusion. This gives you a total of 1-(95/100) ^6 = 0.265 = 26.5% chance of improperly rejecting at least one of your six calculations. b. What is a better method? You only need to give the name of the method. (2 pts) The better method to use is called analysis of variance aka ANOVA Part 2 When conducting a chi-square test, the expected frequencies are equal to (Row total x Column total) à · Grand total How is this formula derived from mathematical and probability rules? Be detailed. If it helps to explain it by referring to an actual table, you can use the table below. (10 pts) | This formula is derived by each individual amount being assigned to each other individual amount. The probability of being in row A is A/E = 150/253 = .5929 = 59.29% The probability of being in column C is C/E = 135/253 = .5336 = 53.36% Thus when mathematically combining the probability of being in row A and column C is A/E x C/E = 150/253 x 135/253 = (150Ãâ€"135)/253 = 80.04 which is the same as B D C A E .5929 x .5336 = .3164 x 253 = 80.04

Marilyn Manson Essays - Marilyn Manson, John 5, Concept Albums

Marilyn Manson Essays - Marilyn Manson, John 5, Concept Albums Marilyn Manson Hey Mr. Superstar This band is a twist of Iggy Pop, KISS, and Alice Coopper. Starting in south Florida as a small industrial Goth band, Marilyn Manson has changed the main stream music of today. They have come to be a leader and paved the way for other shock-rock bands. Just coming out with his fifth album this week, he will continue reaching out to rebellious teenagers that need some sort of support. Marilyn Manson has been hitting charts because of their songs and lyrics, show performances, and public attention. One of the reasons why Marilyn Manson is famous today is because of their undefined musically talents. They are a five piece band which includes singer Marilyn Manson, lead guitarist Twiggy Ramirez, bassist John5, drummer Ginger Fish, and on keyboards M.W. Gacy. Each member has been playing music since childhood. Putting these musician's talents and creative minds together they have accomplished more than most bands around. Unlike many artists today Manson with help from Ramarize writes and produces all songs that go onto thier albums. Their lyrics are very skillfully written so that they will attract public attention and listeners. Manson gets lyrics from his personal thoughts and tragedies that happen around him. On their bands fourth album he wrote about his girlfriends drug addiction in a song called Coma White, A pill to make you numb, A pill to make you dumb, A pill to make you anybody else, But all the drugs in this world won't save her from herself. In this new album called H olywood, Manson was inspired by the violence he see in entertainment and how it is affecting children and the world. Touring the world, visiting countries across the globe, and selling out concerts have been the role of Marilyn Manson since they became popular with the public in the mid nineties. The band works hard to entertain their fans with new and outrageous performances. Most of their earnings from touring and album sales go into the performances and live shows they do. Their performance is a show to remember. In last year's sold-out tour, Dead to The World, had Manson doing over seven costume changes, stage explosions, a burning cross, wide screen televisions, and large amounts of glitter poured onto the crowd. With over a hour long performances filled with entertainment, speeches, and music. Their show is like no other shock-rock artist of today. Another reason why Marilyn Manson keeps on the top of the charts is because of his public attention. Even when he is not turning out records or running his music videos, the media seems to still keep him at a focus point. The publicity that he gets from reports saying negative rumors just seems to help him with selling albums and concert tickets. The anti-Marilyn Manson fans appear to have something to say about him and his acts. They start rumors to trash the shock rock band by telling media that they kill animals, throw puppies into the crowd at concerts, and even say that he pours pigs blood on the audience of his concerts. Yet this does not stop young rebellious teenagers from attending. Even politician Joe Lieberman suggested that Marilyn Manson's music was responsible for the shooting at Columbine, when in fact the shooters for the high school killing did not listen to their music. A big part of being Marilyn Manson is attracting fans, pushing the limits, and finding new ways to shock and appall people. Yes, many older generations do not agree with what they are putting out and think that it is rock trash, but then why is the band topping charts, and why is it that they can go to any country and sell out concerts with a weeks notice? Maybe because some people believe in what he is saying and that some people actually do like his music.

Understanding English Pronunciation

Understanding English Pronunciation In order to improve your English pronunciation, it is important to understand a number of terms and concepts. This article introduces the most important components from smallest- a unit of sound- to largest- sentence level stress and intonation. A short explanation is given for each concept with links to more resources to improve, as well as teach, English pronunciation skills. Phoneme A phoneme is a unit of sound. Phonemes are expressed as phonetic symbols in the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet). Some letters have one phoneme, others have two, such as the diphthong long a (eh - ee). Sometimes a phoneme may be a combination of two letters such as ch  in  church, or dge in judge.   Letter There are twenty-six letters in the English alphabet. Some letters are pronounced differently depending on which letters they are with. For example, c can be pronounced like a hard /k/ or as an /s/ in the verb cite. Letters are made up of consonants and vowels. Consonants can be voiced or voiceless depending on the sound (or phoneme). The difference between voiced and voiceless is explained below. Consonants Consonants are the sounds that interrupt vowel sounds. Consonants are combined with vowels to form a syllable. They include: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, z Consonants can be voiced or voiceless. Vowels Vowels are open sounds caused with the vibration of vocal sounds  but without obstruction. Consonants interrupt vowels to form syllables. They include: a, e, i, o, u and sometimes y NOTE:  y is a vowel when it sounds as /i/ such as in the word city. Y is a consonant when it sounds as /j/ such as in the word year.   All vowels are voiced as they are produced using the vocal chords. Voiced   A voiced consonant is a consonant that is produced with the help of the vocal chords. A good way to tell if a consonant is voiced is to touch your fingers to your throat. If the consonant is voiced, you will feel a vibration. b, d, g, j, l, m, n, r, v, w Voiceless A voiceless consonant is a consonant that is produced without the help of the vocal chords. Place your fingers on your throat when speaking a voiceless consonant and you will only feel a rush of air through your throat. c, f, h, k, q, s, t, x Minimal  Pairs Minimal  pairs are pairs of words that differ in only one sound. For example: ship and sheep differ in only in the vowel sound. Minimal pairs are used to practice slight differences in sound. Syllable A syllable is formed by a consonant sound combining with a vowel sound. Words can have one or more syllables. To test how many syllables a word has, put your hand under your chin and speak the word. Each time your jaw moves indicates another syllable. Syllable Stress Syllable stress refers to the syllable that receives the main stress in each word. Some two-syllable words are stressed on the first syllable: table, answer - other two syllable words are stressed on the second syllable: begin, return. There are a number of different word syllable stress patterns in English. Word Stress Word stress refers to which words are stressed in a sentence. Generally speaking, stress content words and glide over function words (explained below). Content Words Content words are words that convey meaning and include nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and negatives. Content words are the focus of a sentence. Glide over function words to stress these content words to provide the rhythm of English. Function Words Function words are required for the grammar, but they provide little or no content. They include helping verbs, pronouns, prepositions, articles, etc.   Stress-Timed Language When speaking about English we say that the language is stress-timed. In other words, the rhythm of English is created by word stress, rather than syllable stress as in syllabic languages. Word Groups Word groups are groups of words that are commonly grouped together and before or after which we pause. Word groups are often indicated by commas such as in complex or compound sentences. Rising Intonation Rising intonation occurs when the voice goes up in pitch. For example, we use rising intonation at the end of yes/no questions. We also use rising intonation with lists, separating each item with a short rise in the voice, before a final, falling intonation for the last item in a list. For example in the sentence: I enjoy playing hockey, golf, tennis, and football.   Hockey, golf, and tennis would rise in intonation, while  football would fall.   Falling Intonation Falling intonation is used with information sentences and, in general, at the end of statements. Reductions Reductions refers to the common practice of combing a number of words into a short unit. This generally occurs with function words. A few common reduction examples are: gonna - going to and wanna - want to Contractions Contractions are used when shortening the helping verb. In this way, two words such as is not become one isnt with only one vowel.